Showing posts with label C. Assignment 2: Television Advertising. Show all posts
Showing posts with label C. Assignment 2: Television Advertising. Show all posts

Wednesday, 5 March 2014

Technical aspects of editing


Editing quiz questions


1.  What do the numbers 16:9 refer to?
        16 is width and 9 is height
2.  What is the frame size of a 1080p video file?
1920 pixels across, and 1080 pixels up
3. If you have a video file which is 720:50p what is the frame rate and what does the p stand for? 
       50 fps(frames per second), P- Progressive
4.  What is the difference between 'p' and 'i'?
 'P' - progressive - each frame is shown fully, one after the other; 'i' - 'interlaced' is where half of one frame is shown, and then half of the other is shown in a staggered sequence.
5.  What frame rate is real film shot at?
        23.976 frames per second
6.  What might be the advantage of shooting at a higher frame rate?
      The quality difference would be massive, No blurs when slowed down!
7. What defines a lossy file?
    A file which uses compression methods such as discarding repeated information in order to 
decrease its total file size                
8.   Name three file types commonly used in video editing.
       1) MOV 2) WMV 3) MPEG
9.  What is the difference between a video file type and a codec?

A videol file formats are containers that store video information. The codec (COmpressor DECompressor) actually encodes the individual video frame/fields. For example, AVI is an example of a format, H.264 is an example of a codec.
10. What is bitrate?  
Amount of information that is processed over time(per second, any period of time), the higher the bit the more information is going through the file!

Tuesday, 4 March 2014

Preparing material for editing


Steps:

    
I log on into a MediaE area as it's our local area












  • After I locate the folder, I copy and paste 'Private' folder into "MacHD\Users\mediaa\Movies" .


  • I rename the 'Private' folder to the project name and open up 'Adobe Premiere Pro CS6'

  • Then I begin to import all the footage

All my footage is arranged  properly in bins to ensure that it is easy to sort on the timeline. 

Premiere Pro creates a link to the original asset on the hard drive and allows to change the name of the file in the app without changing the asset. So, if we change a name from ‘Clip 001′ to ‘Brut logo’ Premiere Pro will still always play ‘Clip 001′ on the hard drive every time we see ‘Brut logo’ in our project panel.    

Keeping video editing assets organized is very important  because it is easier to find them later. It is necessary to name bins properly so that it would be clear what is kept inside them. This can save a lot of time while editing.

Wednesday, 29 January 2014

TV Advertisement Evaluation

1. The Brief

We chose BRUT splash-on because we all (Alex, George and I) thought that it should be rebranded. Brut has been on sale since 1964. In its almost 50 year existence, it has become a recognizable brand. BRUT has always established itself as a brand for strong men of 30-60 years old. We wanted to get people to see this product in a different light. We determined a new target group of people whose needs will match the product and to whom this product will be marketed. We hope it can increase sales. We focused on the younger male audience in the age 15-29 demographic. It is an audience that has just entered the market of lotions, deodorants and eau de toilettes, it is an undecided public, since it seeks no specific product. This is the time to take them away from competitors. They are young men and impressionable teenagers who are seeking social recognition among women and distinction within the young of the same age. Therefore BRUT is appropriate for this audience. The idea of becoming a gentleman should haunt them. Moreover, BRUT is affordable to reach customers who cannot afford  more expensive lines. We decided to attract our target audience by showing what effect the BRUT will have on them when applying it. Our advert is aimed at younger men who are passionate in sophistication, energetic in life, confident in attitude and modern in style (psychographics) - those who wish to get confidence and look like real gentlemen. The ad's underlying idea is that the product will bring about self-confidence to a man if he simply uses it. The objective of this ad is to get the audience to understand that BRUT brings out the gentleman in them. The audience has to experience what it feels like to wear this smell. The secondary target group could be young females who would buy BRUT for their boyfriends and husbands. Women in our target selection could buy mainly for their special someone.

2. The finished product & feedback

The production of the advert took place in Lucia's house in December 2013. We chose to set the film in a real environment to give this advert the feel of a realist narrative film.

We used a low angle panning shot looking up stairs as a scene-setting (or establishing) shot to introduce the audience to a new location. It produces a mobile framing which scans the space horizontally. Shooting a staircase from below gives it the impression of being larger and  makes it look more colossal.


We used the typical mise-en-scene of a realist film that keeps the audience in interest. Apart from the added realism, colour is also used to create aesthetic patterns and to establish character or emotion in narrative ad. Yellow colour suggests warmth, happiness and joy. The artificial  lighting gives the lifelike feel. It is a medium shot . The setting of a bedroom immediately makes the character seems closer to reality. It is also a typical place for an event in a realist film.

The costume of the main character is a formal suit. The man is shown to be caring about his hygiene.
Close up shots were used to focus on the main character.The lighting seems brighter on the face. This enables viewers to understand the actor's emotions. He looks and behaves a little nervous and not confident.



Editing was a very significant part of our production. We used the 16-Point Matte editing technique in Premiere Pro. It was a really useful tool for leaving the bottle of BRUT at the end of the ad green and the rest of the shot black and white. We also used a slow motion effect ( time appears to be slowed down in the episode when the main character is going down the stairs). We used it for artistic effect, to create a romantic aura.

After we made the advert we had to collect feedback to see if the advert message is working. We discussed the video in class and got constructive criticism. We also created an online survey with a link to the video placed on YouTube.

1. What is your age? 



2. Had you heard of BRUT before seeing this advert? 


3. What was your favourite part of the advert? 
 *
4. Would this advert hold your attention for its whole duration if you saw it aired on TV? 



No
5. Do you think you could be more of a 'gentleman' like our protagonist in the advert if you wanted? 


6. What sort of social class would you say this advert was targeted towards?



7. Would you consider yourself part of the ideal target audience for this advert?


8. Do you think this advert would be a successful campaign if shown on television?


9. Would you buy BRUT after seeing this advert?


10. What would you improve upon if you were to try and make this ad yourself?

 We collected a fair amount of results.

As you can see from this graph, 50% of all respondents were teenagers of 15-19 years old. However, the rest 50% were shared between young adults of 20-24 years old and 25-29 years old. In my opinion, our BRUT advert did succeed in the appropriateness to audience.

A half of the respondents have heard about BRUT for the first time.
When we asked people 'What was your favourite part of the ad?', most people mentioned the colour correction of the "Brut" bottle at the end, and the episode when the main actor slapped the product into his skin.Some people said that the advert made them laugh and the slogan was great. Most people seemed to like  'gentle music'.



As it can be seen from this graph, the majority of respondents said that they would definitely or most likely watch the advert for its whole duration if they saw it aired on TV.


This graph ''Do you think you could be more of a 'gentleman' like our protagonist in the advert if you wanted?'' shows that our advert was persuasive. As you can see from the graph, most people said that they could be more of a 'gentleman' like our protagonist in the advert if they use BRUT.
Persuasive Techniques
We used persuasive techniques in our ad to appeal specifically to the product’s target audience.
  • Appeal to emotion - We attempted to evoke an emotional response in the viewers. It is a positive emotion such as happiness: an image of a person enjoying his confidence while wearing BRUT. Positive images, and ideas are used to suggest that the product being sold is also positive.
  • Attractive personality - The actor who appears in the ad  reflects the target audience. He is a person just like the audience-young and caring about his hygiene.The target audience is likely to admire this person in the ad. Usually people like people who are like them. In our case, the ad is clearly speaking to young men and teenagers who are seeking social recognition among girls and young women and distinction within the young of the same age. The actor is an attractive person, and as we know, it is a scientifically proven fact that attractive people are better liked and more persuasive, as compared to people with average appearances. 
  • Plain folk - An ordinary family is shown in the ad.This suggests that the product is a product of good value for ordinary people. 
  • Memorable slogan - We also tried to appeal to logic and reason. Our advertisement uses a slogan that gives the audience the evidence they need to fully understand what the product does: BRUT brings out the gentleman in you. The slogan is memorable and creates a positive feeling for the brand.
  • Brand name in big, bold capital letters
  • Humour

I think the real purpose of any ad is to motivate purchase. It should be funny and entertaining. Consumers will remember the ad and associate their positive feelings with Brut. We used the technique of humour to attract audience (the moment when the actor is applying the product slapping his neck and armpits with BRUT). We also enhanced the sound to increase the effect. Most respondents found this part of the ad amusing. However, our teacher (Sean) did not like it due to aesthetic reasons. Of course, the sounds do not add to the beauty of our advertisement. There is probably the need to make use of good and attractive sound.
The persuasion techniques we used were rather effective because 40% of respondents answered that they would buy our product after watching the advert. However, a big percentage still said 'No' or 'less likely' which means the persuasion techniques could be more persuasive. I think nowadays it is difficult to persuade people even if the advert is good because they are being bombarded with lots of ads per day. Nevertheless, I believe that the advert has impacted people's interest in the product or at least created awareness about BRUT, entertained and maybe even inspired.
40% of respondents would buy our product from watching the advert. However, a big percentage still said 'No' or 'less likely' which means there could have been some bad points in our advert. 
The aesthetic elements (sound,  music, character, colour, etc) are very important in television advertising because they contribute in persuading people to buy advertised products.  The appearance of the actor is very important. The character we used is attractive enough. The character was able to depict exactly what the advertisement is saying. What this signifies is that the consumers who see the advertisement will assume that as soon as they use the product, they will look like this character used to advertise the product.
Music  in advertising influences emotional responses towards products. We found music on Incompetech. The piece of music helps build and maintain the mood.The sound used draws attention to the commercial. Wherever you are and you hear the sound, you are bound to be attracted to the advertisement. The use of colour is also very important in any ad production.The main colour in our ad is green which makes sense as it is the brand's logo colour so we tried to keep the style flowing through all the ad  to  increase brand identity. Green suggests growth, hope and promise.
Our ad complies with advertising regulations. Our advertisement is legal, decent, truthful and honest. The advert  follows the codes of the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP). Under BCAP code ''advertisements must not materially mislead or be likely to do so''. In our ad we are presenting a point of view about the product. It is not a statement of fact. And it does not materially mislead the  audience.
Compliance with the code helps our advertising stay within the law: 
''Children must be protected from advertisements that could cause physical, mental or moral harm''. Our ad does not cause any physical, mental or moral harm to children.
''Advertisements must not cause serious or widespread offence against generally accepted moral, social or cultural standards''. Our marketing communication is socially responsible. It is not likely to offend its audience or cause fear or distress. It does not show unsafe or anti-social behaviour. It does not encourage people to break the law.

3. Personal reflection

I think that we managed to make the advert appropriate for the target audience, and that the message was clear and effective. I think that the whole group did a really good job as the advert has proved to be a good one. The final advert idea changed a little from George's original idea. However, the structure of the ad has not changed. We tried to stick to the storyboard, although some shots were slightly changed. I think that our pre-production documentation (a shot list, storyboard, production schedule) was well done, therefore our shooting was a lot more organized.
Overall, I am satisfied with our final advert. I feel our ad is fit for purpose and complies with advertising regulations. I do not think the advert looks fully professional due to some errors with the shots and lack of actors appropriate to the age (the actors playing parents should be older).  If I were to undertake the task again, I would use some special equipment to film the scene when the main character goes downstairs. Then it would not be shaky and look more professional.  We should have used more close up shots to show more details and show off the product, as the advert uses a lot of wide and distant shots which tend to focus more on the characters.
I believe that I contributed  to the group, as I helped as much as I could with the pre-production, shooting, and  editing. However, I feel that I would like to create something special in the future, not trivial. I would like to create something original and innovative.

Editing

Editing: history and development


Editing is very important in filming. It can save the film or completely ruin it. The very first films were made in the late 1800s. Lumiere Brothers were among the first filmmakers. The first films were single-shot: a train pulling into a station, people leaving a factory,etc.
Georges Mรฉliรจs
The majority of films created before 1902 were only a few minutes long. In those films, editing was just putting the shots in order.The camera was locked in place. In those years, movies reached the screen uncut.
Georges Mรฉliรจs was the first who started using editing techniques. He inserted the first titles and developed the first dissolves from one scene to another. His films were about mummies, ghosts, and witches — but the stories were stuck in two dimensions, like filmed plays. Entire scenes were shot in one take, without close-ups. This meant that if a single thing went wrong, the entire scene had to be reshot. After George Melies came Edwin S. Porter who began to use visual continuity and thanks to that he made films more dynamic. He was one of the first who helped transform film from a simple recording into a dramatic art form. Porter's great insight was building a scene with more than one shot. In 'The Life of an American Fireman' (1903), he cuts from a hand pulling a fire alarm to the firemen in the station springing into action. ~
Interesting that Porter chose to portray the dramatic event twice, first from the point of view of a woman as she is rescued from a burning building and then, starting from the beginning, from the point of view of the firemen coming to save her.

Edwin S. Porter



Next came D. W. Griffith (the father of editing) who used crosscut between different points of view in a scene to create suspense. Griffith established many editing techniques that are still used today (close-ups,fade in, fade out, intertitles, angles,cutaways). Perhaps his most famous technique is the accelerated pace of cutting that he used during moments of tension (The Lonely Villa (1909), The Lonedale Operator (1911), and The Birth of a Nation (1915)).


In the film''Birth of a Nation Griffith used many editing techniques that are still used: close-ups, flashback( a sequence of an event that happened in the past but is shown in the present).
One of the most notable of the Russian directors of that time was Sergei Eisenstein, who transformed the principles of classical editing into something more  intellectualized he called montage.Montage was a way to put together a number of shots  in a manner that pointed out a moral or an idea.

Film editing at that time was a complex process. First of all editors had to view their movies in negative film. There were not any numbers on the film. Therefore, the editors had to look over thousands of frames by hand. They used the following tools for this purpose: a rewind bench, a magnifying glass, and a pair of scissors. In order to see the film in motion, it was necessary to screen it.  Many editors just moved the film through their fingers. The work was very tiresome.  If they wanted to view the result of their work, they had to go to the projection room and screen the edited part of the film. After that they had to carry it back to the editing table and to chop up some more.
The situation changed with the invention of the Moviola in 1919. It was invented by
Iwan Serrurier, a Dutch electrical engineer.




Nowadays nearly all films are edited digitally. The first digital editor, the CMX 600, was made in 1971. It recorded and played back black-and-white analog video. The video clip below demonstrates how it worked.  

Digital editing with computers was first introduced in 1989 with the EMC2 editor. The video below shows how it worked.                      
In the same year Avid1 was created.

Until 1993, it was only used for editing commercials and other small projects, because of small capacity storage.
In 1992, the storage limitation was overcome.
By the late 2000s,  computers got faster and had more storage. Cameras got better with better resolution. Therefore, it became possible to use a digital format and edit online.
Nowadays, in the second decade of the 21st century computers got much faster. This fact made possible to use compression techniques in editing.

VISUAL ANALYSIS
I have chosen an opening scene and a final scene from the film ''Gladiator'' (director Ridley Scott).
The opening scene can be found  here.

  • Editing Transitions - an editing technique used to combine scenes or shots.They can also emphasize mood, indicate the passage of some time, or separate parts of the film story. Transitions include cuts, dissolves, fades, and wipes. There are several variations of these transitions types. 

Cut - this is where one shot is instantly replaced with another. Cuts can be used to change the scene or
compress time.
Dissolve - a transition where one shot gradually disappears while the next shot appears.The dissolve technique can make softer the cutting between two  images that are graphically unmatched. The dissolve is often used to suggest a significant time passing. 
Wipe - a transition when one shot replaces another, moving from one side of the frame to another. It can be used to reveal a new scene, environment or space. 
Fade out - a transition when the picture gradually turns black (or any other colour). Fade outs often occur at the end of a film.
Fade in -  a transition to a new shot when a picture gradually appears on screen. Fade ins often occur at the beginning of a film.
00:02 - The editor used the colours of smoke and fire in the opening title that fade into the first shot.The Dream works emblem is blended into the frame. It is tinged with reddish-brown colours to help the images fade from the logo into a misty foggy atmosphere.
  • Shot variation (long shots, extreme long shots, medium shots, close-ups, extreme close-ups) - an editing technique that makes the scene more interesting and dynamic. Using this technique in the editing process allows to keep the attention of the audience. 
Close-ups are usually used to show details. They are also used as cut-in. Close-ups of a person emphasize  his/her emotional state.
00:56 - A close-up shot of  Maximus (Russel Crowe's) hand when he is walking through a wheat field in his imagination. From this close-up we learn that he is married (a ring on his hand) and that he is a nature caring man. In the background can be heard the faint laughter of a child.


01:22 - several close-ups of Maximus when he is dreaming. The director establishes Maximus as the main character in the opening scene very well. General stands among the mud and burned forest, dressed in a fur cape that protects him from the cold winter air.


Long shots are often used to set up a location.
2.08 - A long shot of the Roman empire when Romans are getting ready for  battle with the barbarians



  • Continuity editing techniques make the film continuous (running smoothly) and more realistic to the audience. 
Eye-line match begins with a character looking at something off-screen, followed by a cut to the object or person at which he is looking. This technique is used to create a link between audience and the character.  The audience sees things that the character sees in an eye-line match. We practically become that character for a moment.
                  1:36 Maximus is looking at a robin
Cut to the robin 01:38 - a small robin catches his eye as it sits on a bare twig and then flies away(eye-line match). The General Maximus smiles, watching as though a remembrance of his life as a farmer when life was peaceful.




01:52 - But then it cuts to reality. He is quickly brought back to the reality of the cold day and to the soldiers who await his signal to begin the battle.The opening sequence on the fields of Germania are cloudy and grey, perfectly reflecting the tired emotional state in which Maximus finds himself at that point.The blur effect appears halfway through the war scene between Maximus' army and the Germanic tribes. 
The editor has used lighting very well to contribute to the effect or mood of scenes within the film.
In the background to the scenes there is eerie music that gives uneasy atmosphere.
Point of view shot - gives a virtual opportunity to look through the eyes of a character. It is used to help the audience get involved into the story.

02:31 - Point of view shot -Maximus walks along the ranks of the army. The soldiers rise as he approaches, looking at him with great respect and admiration.

Match on action - an editing technique for continuity editing in which one shot cuts to another shot showing the action of the subject in the first shot. This technique draws the audience attention away from cutting.

04:05 - match on action-A barbarian comes to the forefront of the German lines, waving the horseman's head, tossing it into the mud




The final scene can be found here.
00:00 -Commodus glances up at the Maximus  chained to the walls.The camera tilts up and frames Commodus over his left shoulder.





Shots-reverse shots - a continuity editing technique that is often used in conversations
00:15 - Cut to Maximus, framed over the shoulder of Commodus. This is a  reverse shot maintaining the continuity rules.The previous chanting of the crowd heard from arena and music is minimized to focus attention in on the main characters,

Shots-reverse shots often tie in with 180 degree rule that helps to maintain continuity without distorting the viewer's sense of the characters' location.
The following 14 shots-reverse shots cut back and forth like the previous two with respect to the character positioning, with Maximus always on the right side of the shot in close-up(180 degree rule).
Rhythm contributes to the scene mood and overall impression on the spectator. It is achieved through the combination of mise-en-scene, sound and editing. The editor employs fast cuts, quick dialogue and gesturing, as he concentrates exclusively on the two characters, shot from a variety of angles but always in medium close-up and close-up.
Film rhythm - can be simply the transition of one image to another. It can also be the musical rhythm in a small sequence of edits. And finally, it can be the rhythm of the whole film.
01:52 - An extreme close-up shot, Commodus bring his hand around and stabs Maximus in the back. The music adds to dramatic tension. The music is with an added effect of deep and loud wind that highlights the stabbing. An exaggerated metallic sound is audible.
02: 04 - Reverse shot of Maximus, who lifts his head to see Commodus. This is a reaction shot. Reaction shot is a shot, in which a character reacts to action which has just happened.

The montage is very quick in this scene. The montage presents relationships between shots that allow to create ideas that are not present in either shot by itself.

Construction of time and space 
Time in films can be used in many ways to help move the story forward: flashbacks can be used to show past events; cross-cutting - to show simultaneous events; subtitles - to show that the time has passed or changed. The editor can expand time making the duration of the shot longer than in real time. Using slow motion can make scenes slower than in real time. The use of repetition and different angles can give different insights into the event.
Space - mis-en-scene is often used to connect one space with another. 
Both space and time are well constructed in the analysed episodes. Subtitles in the very beginning of the film establish the time and space of the story. Space and time are unified, continuous and linear in the given episodes. They appear as a unified whole to match the viewer's perception of time and space in reality. This is partly achieved by the 180ยบ rule and by the lack of jump cuts. The compression of time between shots is achieved with cuts or dissolves.
02:01 - Cut back to Commodus from behind. The shot is in slow motion. This technique heightens the drama.
Continuity editing compresses real time to screen time. It is done to save the time and avoid the boredom for viewers.

I was not able to find the following techniques in my chosen extracts:
Jump-cut - (according to Vimeo.com) - A jump cut is is an abrupt transition, typically in a sequential clip that makes the subject appear to jump from one spot to the other, without continuity.

 ~
This clip features a jump cut. An ape throws a bone in the air. It goes high, and then as it is coming down again editor makes a leap forward of about a million years where the bone seems to turn into a spaceship.
Parallel editing (cross-cutting) is the technique when two or more scenes that happen simultaneously but in different locations alternate. Parallel editing is often used to create suspense. The clip below is from ''The Silence of the Lambs'' demonstrates this technique:
 ~

Multiple Points Of View -  show the perspective of the multiple characters on screen, it makes the viewer feel like they are looking through the eyes of the multiple characters. It allows  to follow multiple characters, show events happening in multiple locations, show comparison.

~

Providing and withholding information - a technique that is used to make the audience intrigued. An interesting example of providing information was given by Alfred Hitchcock : " There's two people having breakfast and there's a bomb under the table. If it explodes, that's a surprise. But if it doesn't..."
This technique is often used in crime films. Thanks to this technique the audience can believe that someone is the criminal and only in the end a real criminal can be revealed.

 ~
In this scene we see that Claire dies. The editor withholds information who the murderer is and we do not find out who the murderer is until the end of the film.
Cutting to soundtrack  is a technique when the pace of the cuts are motivated by the pace of soundtrack.
 ~
Cutaways is an editing technique when a continuously filmed action is interrupted by inserting a view of something related to the scene that serves the story . The interruption is quick, and is usually ended by a return to the original scene. Cutaways are often used to draw attention to important details or add meaning to the main scene. Editors also use cutaways to increase tension.

Monday, 20 January 2014

Production Diary

17 December 2013 – Our group(Alex, George and I) discussed our rebranding ideas and have chosen George’s idea of rebranding BRUT. This idea seems to be more real to implement.
18 December 2013 - Alex, George and I began to write a shot list for the advert. Overall, we planned 20 shots. We also began to draw up the storyboards.
19 December 2013 - Today we have finished the pre-production paperwork. We have completed the risk assessment, the storyboards, the budgeting sheet, the production schedule and the child/adult releases.
7 January 2014 - Today we began shooting at Lucia's house. We worked together with another group because our both groups needed the same house for filming so we saved the time. Moreover, we could use use actors from both groups for our videos. We only got 5 shots and planned several shots to take for the next day of shooting.
8 January 2014 - We continued to shoot our advert today. We completed the bulk of the process and had most of the shots needed. Although,some more shots were still needed: the shots that included the main character's girlfriend. We have to wait till Friday to take them when Fallon (George's actual girlfriend) will be able to come.
9 January 2014 - Today we did a trial cut of our advert at college. This helped us begin the editing process so we can see which scenes need to be reshot. We found a few continuity errors. So we decided to retake a few of our shots to improve our advert.
10 January 2014 - This was our last day of shooting our BRUT advert. We took some last minute shots and helped the other group with their ad.
14 January 2014 - Today we completed our editing. Alex, George and I took turns at editing the advert. 
15 January 2014 - We added music and sound effects.
16 January 2014 - We continued working with audio.

17 January 2014 - we finished our advert.